Heat and mass transfer in gas metal arc welding. Part II: The metal

In this Part II, a thorough investigation of the melting of the electrode; the droplet formation, detachment, transfer and impingement onto the workpiece, and the weld-pool formation and dynamics was conducted. The transient melt-flow velocity and temperature distributions in the droplet and in the weld pool were calculated. The resulting crater in the weld pool and the weld-pool oscillation due to periodical droplet impingement were predicted. The solidification process in the electrode and in the weld pool after the current was turned off was also simulated. The predicted droplet flight trajectory is in good agreement with published data. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.